Tugas IPA, biology, bhs inggris

Gametogenesis is the formation of gametes or sex cells. Gamete cells consisted of male gametes (spermatozoa) are produced in the testes and female gametes (ova) are produced in the ovaries. There are two types of processes, namely cell division mitosis and meiosis. Mitosis is the cell division of the stem to 2 puppies but does not occur if there is a reduction of chromosome sample of our cells are damaged, there will be the replacement of a new cell division through mitosis, whereas the meiotic cell division of the stem into 2 chicks with a reduction of chromosomes , for example division of sex cells or gametes as the primary agent in the process of human reproduction. In mitotic division produces new cells exactly the same number of chromosomes with stem cells that are diploid (2n) is 23 pairs / 46 chromosomes, while meiosis the number of chromosomes in new cells only are haploid (n) is 23 chromosomes. Gametogenesis comprises 4 stages: reproduction, growth, maturation and transformation. Gametogenesis is twofold spermatogenesis and oogenesis.

Spermatogenesis

Spermatogenesis is the process of forming sperm cells (singular: spermatozoon) that occur in the genital organs (gonads) are the male testes precisely in the seminiferous tubules. Sperm cells, sperm are haploid abbreviated (n) is formed in the testes through a complex process. Spermatogenesis includes germinal epithelial cell maturation through the process of cell division and differentiation. Cell maturation occurs in the seminiferous tubules which are then stored in the epididymis. Seminiferous tubules consist of a large number of germ cells called spermatogonia (plural). Spermatogonia located in two or three outer layers of epithelial cells of the seminiferous tubules. Undifferentiated spermatogonia through certain developmental stages to form sperm.  In the process of spermatogenesis occurred in terms of the processes as follows:

Spermatositogenesis (spermatocytogenesis) is the early stages of spermatogenesis, namely the events division into primary spermatocytes spermatogonia (mitosis), subsequent cleavage of the meiotic spermatocytes continue into secondary spermatocytes and spermatids. The term is commonly abbreviated process of cell division of spermatogonia into spermatids.

Spermiogenesis (spermiogensis) is the event of change of spermatids into mature sperm. Spermiogenesis occurs in the epididymis and takes over 2 days. Divided into stage

1) formation of Golgi, axonema and DNA condensation,

 2) formation of the acrosome cap,

3) the formation of the tail,

 4) maturation, reduction of cytoplasmic difagosit by Sertoli cells.

Spermiasi (Spermiation) is the event of the release of mature sperm from the Sertoli cells into the lumen of the seminiferous tubules next to epididimidis. Sperm do not have the ability to move on their own (non-motile). Non-motile sperm is transported in the fluid secretion results testicular Sertoli cells and move towards the epididymis because peritubuler muscle contraction. New sperm are able to move within the channel epidimis but the movement of sperm in the male reproductive tract motility was not for himself but for the channel peristaltic contractions of muscle.

Hormone - Hormone Which Play A Part In The process Spermatogenesis

 Process the forming spermatozoa influenced by job of some hormone, among other things

a. Kelenjer Hipofisis yield the hormone of peransang follicle ( Folicle Stimulating Hormone / fsh) and hormone lutein ( Luteinizing Hormone / lh

b. LH of Stimulus of cell leydig to yield the hormone testosteron. [At] a period of/to puberty, androgen / testosteron race the growing of the nature of kelamin sekunder

 c. FSH of Stimulus of cell Sertoli to yield the ABP ( Androgen Binding Protein) to race the spermatogonium to start the spermatogenesis

d. Growth hormone, peculiarly improve the bisection of early at spermatogenesis.

Oogenesis

 Oogenesis is process of forming of egg cell ( ovum) in ovary. Oogenesis started with the forming of egg cell will the so-called oogonia ( single: oogonium). forming of egg Cell of human being started by since in content, that is in ovari of woman foetus. By the end of third month;moon [of] foetus age, all oogonia having the character of diploid have been formed and ready to enter the bisection phase. From the beginning oogonia split by mitosis yield the oosit primary. At foetus growth hereinafter, all oosit primary split by miosis, but only until phase profase. the bisection Miosis desist till woman baby borne, its ovary able to yield about 2 million oosit primary experience of the death every day until a period of/to puberty. Entering a period of/to puberty, oosit continue the bisection miosis I. the fission product in the form of two cell haploid, one big cell referred by oosit sekunder and one referred by smaller fairish cell of polar body primary.

 At phase hereinafter, polar oosit sekunder body and of primary will experience of the bisection of miosis II. At that moment, oosit sekunder will split to become two cell, that is one referred by normal fairish cell of ootid and one smaller fairish again referred by body of polar sekunder. the Polar body joint forces with two polar body [of] other sekunder coming from polar body bisection [of] primary is so that obtained by three polar body of sekunder. Ootid experience of the furthermore growth become the matured ovum, while third polar body experience of the degeneracy ( fall to pieces). Inferential thereby that at oogenesis only yield one ovum

Hormone - Hormone Which Play A Part In The process Oogenesis

 Process the forming oogenesis influenced by job of some hormone, among other things:

 At age woman reproduce happened by the cycle menstruate by its her active is aksis hipothalamus-hipofisis-ovarium. Hipothalamus yield the hormone Gnrh ( gonadotropin releasing hormone) what menstimulasi hipofisis mensekresi of hormone FSH ( follicle stimulating hormone) and LH ( lutinuezing hormone). FSH And LH cause to with refer to process in ovary is so that happened by the sekresi of hormone of estrogen and progesteron. LH of Stimulus of korpus luteum to yield the hormone of progesteron and meransang ovulasi. At a period of/to puberty, progesteron race the growing of the nature of kelamin sekunder. FSH of Stimulus of ovulasi and meransang follicle to form the estrogen, racing follicle growth. hormone of Prolaktin stimulus produce the milk.  negative and positive feed back Mechanism of aksis hipothalamus hipofisis ovary.  height of Rate of FSH and LH will pursue the sekresi of hormone Gnrh by hipothalamus. While make-up of rate of estrogen and progesteron earn the menstimulasi ( positive [of] feedback, at phase folikuler) and also pursue the ( inhibitory / negative [of] feedback, at the (time) of phase luteal) sekresi FSH and LH in hipofisis or Gnrh in hipothalamus

Impregnation And Embryo Growth

 Generally, each;every 28 day once ovary discharge a egg cell. this egg Cell release is referred by ovulasi. When happened the ovulasi, wall uterus experience of thick so that  becoming place which is good to growth and growth zigot. If/When momentary after happened by the ovulasi there [is] cell sperma which step into the egg channel, hence will be happened by the impregnation. Egg cell which fruit have referred as zigot. Zigot later;then split to become two cell, four cell, eight cell, and so on [is] so that formed [by] embryo or foetus. Few days after zigot patch [in] wall uterus, will be formed [by] a group of veins wall uterus of[is so-called placenta. Foetus requirement fulfilled from placenta by the instrumentality of string center or ari-ari of placenta Function [is] as foetus protector from germ of certain poison and disease; as regulator of nutrisi and oxygen for foetus from mother; and as dismissal road;street of[is rest of metabolism from foetus to mother body. Old of pregnancy at human being about 266 day or 9 month;moon more 10 day. After pregnancy reach the the age, it is the time for to process the copy or baby birth. If cell of fruit egg do not by cell sperma, coat of wall uterus which have thick of meluruh with blood and released by  vagina. This event is referred as to menstruate.

Public menstruate will be happened [by] each;every 28 day once, although there [is] woman getting to menstruate less than 28 day and there [is] also which more than 28 day. For adolescent [of] putri, keep cleaning [of] body of vital importance when experiencing of to menstruate the. secretory Menstrual blood have to be arrested with the bandage and cleaned in order not to generate the disease. A adolescent [of] woman got to menstruate to indicate that he/she have been able to yield the cell

 egg. Equally, he/she have ready to bereproduksi and bear the baby. But that way, adolescent not yet had the readiness of physical, bouncing, and sosial-ekonomi to get the

 pregnancy. Therefore, you have to take a care in associating with, don't have been fallen to in free assocciation seks and seks before wedding!

Cycle menstruate at woman consisted of  three phase, that is

1) Phase Proliferasi ( Phase Postmenstrual

 This Phase is controlled by hormone estrogen hence referred as also phase estrogenik. This phase is started on ke5 until day ke14 from cycle. Each month after menstruating, hipofisis anterior mensekresikan FSH. This Hormone have an effect on to process of growth and maturation of ovum and follicle of de Graaf. During growth of follicle of de Graaf happened by the process of forming and expenditure of hormone estrogen. Estrogen function to develop;build the endometrium so that thick endometrium till 57 cm. others, estrogen also influence the gland serviks to yield the watery dilution. Existence of estrogen will pursue the expenditure FSH and race the expenditure of Luitenezing Hormone ( LH) [released] by lobus anterior hipofisis. At final phase, brokenly it her follicle of de Graaf, ovum escaped and slammed by a exit, referred by ovulasi kirakira of day ke14 from a[n cycle

2) Phase Sekresi ( Phase Premenstrual )

 This Phase is became of  the day ke14 until day ke28 from cycle. follicle of De Graaf which break at the time of ovulasi turn into the pregnant korpus rubrum a lot of blood. Existence of LH cause the rubrum turn into the korpus luteum ( body yellow). Korpus Luteum mensekresikan of hormone progesteron. During phase sekresi, endometrium non-stoped thick. Big Arteriarteri, and gland endometrium grow the. change Endometrium influenced by hormone of estrogen and progesteron which disekresikan by korpus luteum hereafter ovulasi. Otherwise there is pregnancy, korpus luteum  have degeneracy so that downhill progesteron and estrogen even lose

3) Phase Menstruate

 This Phase take place during 46 day in one cycle. hormone of Estrogen and progesteron desist [released], so that endometrium experience of the degeneracy. Blood, mukus, and selsel epitel released by as blood menstruate from cavity uterus to vagina. By downhill and loss of progesteron and estrogen, produced Active FSH again and cycle made a fresh start.